The theoretical basis of excuses such as “Diminished Responsibility”, “Provocation”,” intoxication” and “accused mental condition”, is impaired volition. Volitional Impairment as a partial defense is not explicitly mentioned in the Statute of the International Criminal Courts; However, according to the clause 3 of article 31 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the court may consider other grounds for impunity and pay attention to the impaired volition from this point of view. Despite the acceptance of concepts such as mental disorder in the legal framework of the International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which can expand the range of potential reasons for mitigating the punishment; a very cautious approach has been adopted regarding cases of disturbance of volition in the statute of criminal courts. In fact, according to adhering to the philosophy of establishing strict laws in international crimes, examples of impaired volition have been limited just as a judicial mitigating excuse. This is despite the fact that in the Common law system, especially in the law of England, impaired volition is addressed as a partial excuse (partial defense) in some cases of intentional homicide, and it reduces the punishment for homicide to manslaughter.

Cyberspace or virtual environment is a concept which has been recently considered by criminologists and lawyers. Along with the creation of this environment, there are some crimes which are committed in the given environment; therefore, the legal fight against these crimes requires taking some significant steps. The first crime was criminal behavior. However, the criminalization without creation and proof of criminal liability is deemed to be almost pointless. Perhaps, it was on this basis that the legislator of the law in Iran has emphasized on the criminal liability of legal entities regarding the cybercrimes and explicitly targeted at the criminal liability of legal persons for the first time the legal system of Iran. However, the issue of criminal liability and explaining the scope of computer crime law has been of the great importance. Many questions may be raised about the extent of the responsibility of individuals in a virtual environment. Legislator of Iran has allocated the sixth season of the computer crimes law to the subject of criminal liability and the most important changes that have been made in the above-mentioned law is to identify and establish criminal liability for legal persons in the virtual environment..

Introduction: Allogenic blood transfusion has several, but rare complications, including: transfusion of incompatible blood, transfusion transmitted disease, alloimmunization, immunosuppression,....Applying safe blood is one of the most imortant goals of the word's blood centers. As in the year 2000, the world health day is nominated as safe blood.In an attempt to avoid the serious complications associated with allogenic transfusion, autologous transfusion was proposed. Methods: In this study which was conducted prospectively, 45 patients with aged 13 to 72 Yrs and weights 40 to 105 kg, undergoing different kind of surgery such as: general, plastic, orthopedic, genicologic, and ENT were refered to Tehran blood transfusion center. And blood units were collected preoperatively from patients having a hematocrit more than %30.Collecting blood was done by weekly intervals and was stopped 72 hours prior to surgery.After performing routine" viral screening tests (Anti-HW, HBsAg, Anti-HCV, RPR) on each blood unit, all negative blood units were stored separately at 1-6oc and sent to the hospitals just before surgery. Blood units would be used if necessary otherwise unused blood units would be returned to the blood centers.19 patients (42.2%) donated one unit, 23 patients (51.1%) 2 units, 2 patients (4.4%) 3 units, and one patient (2.2%) 4 units.75% of the collected blood were used.Results: From 45 patients, 37 patients didn't require allogenic blood. In contrast, 8 patients received allogenic blood in addition to autologous blood.It was mainly due to inappropriate planning and lack of time to collect enough blood.All patients did well. Adverse reaction of donation was observed in only one patient (2.2%).There was not any significant difference between adverse reactions of allogenic and autologous donation.Conclusion: This study showed that using autologous blood is significantly effective in diminishing allogenic blood use (82.2%).Therefore autologous transfusion is considered one of the important methods in improving blood safety.

Introduction: Relapsing polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder which is associated with inflammation of the auricular and costochondral cartilages and may involve ocular tissue and laryngotracheobronchial tree in some occasions. This inflammatory destructive disease can potentially disrupt the structure, function and integration of cartilages. The common age of involvement is 40 to 60 years and it is similar in both genders.Case report: The patient was a 65 year-old woman referred to the cardiovascular center, with chief complaint of sudden severe chest pain. She was hospitalized with the diagnosis of unstable angina but all of the cardiovascular investigations were normal. After a few days, she developed headache, fever, nasal congestion and redness. Computed tomography scan was done with the probability of sinus involvement but it was normal. At the same time, she developed cartilage involvement as a redness and auricular pain (sparing the lobule). Subsequently her hearing progressively diminished. She was hospitalized in the rheumatology ward and treated as a polychondritis.

The standard goal of all fertility treatments is the improvement of pregnancy rates in infertile patients. Within the last 20 years, ovulation induction has contributed to the success of assisted reproduction techniques e.g. in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo-transfer (ET). The efficacy of these techniques depends on a personalized protocol of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and adequate oocytes recruitment. The response to common ovarian stimulation protocols is not always as expected. Failure to respond adequately to standard protocols and to recruit adequate follicles is called 'poor response' in these patients although it is highly correlated with age. However, in younger women it might be associated with advanced endometriosis or prior ovarian surgery, gonadotoxic chemotherapy, ovarian radiation, pelvic infection and certain genetic conditions (including mosaic turner syndrome, FMR1 pre-mutation carriers) which are common causes of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Several tests have been suggested but none of them has significant value to predict DOR. Furthermore, an accurate diagnostic test of low ovarian reserve would help the clinicians to use the most suitable COH protocol and resulted in declining the cost and psychological decay. However, the ideal stimulation for diminished ovarian reserve still is great challenge for the clinician and patient.

The incidence of obesity as a risk factor for normal life is increasing worldwide. Its impact on hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, is well recognized. Previous studies have proved the association between female obesity and infertility and several linked genes have been worked out. However, a little is known about the effect of obesity on male reproductive system and infertility. Recently some clinical studies have reported diminished semen parameters like sperm count, sperm motility and vitality and changing in reproductive hormones in over weight and obese men. Lack of such study in Asian countries and particularly in Indian population who are genetically more prone to obesity necessitates picking up this research to achieve robust findings in this regard.

objective: To Determine the incidence of diminished ovarian reserve in unexplained recurrent abortion. Materials and methods: among 116 women with complaint of recurrent abortion who referred to Ghaem hospital, after evaluation, 25 women with unexplained recurrent abortion were chosen as the test group and the control group (n=25) were women with a history of normal pregnancy. Mean age, day 3 serum FSH and E2 levels, presence or absence of a history of infertility and menstrual cycle lengths were compared between two groups. Results: Day 3 FSH and E2 Levels were higher in the unexplained recurrent abortion group compared with the control group (61% VS 16%) P<0.005. Other factors did not differ between two groups. Conclusion: Women with unexplained recurrent abortion have a greater incidence of elevated day 3 serum FSH and E2 levels than do women with a normal pregnancy history. Therefore diminished ovarian reserve may contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss and should be considered as a part of the work – up for unexplained recurrent abortion.  

Introduction: Social responsibility from an ethical point of view includes the obligations and duties of natural and legal persons towards society and the environment. The moral behavior of people, like understanding of social responsibility, depends on their liberal ideology, beliefs and human values. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to study the relationship between liberalism and human values with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Material & Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population includes the financial managers of the companies admitted to the stock exchange, and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among them and 110 questionnaires were received. The sampling method is random. The research tool is a questionnaire and multivariate regression using SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results: The research results show that human values based on public interest have a significant and positive relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. But the thinking of liberalism does not have a meaningful relationship with the moral understanding of social responsibility. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, human values based on public interest can be considered as a tool to strengthen the moral behavior of company managers regarding corporate social responsibility. Also, improving the thinking of liberalism in managers can strengthen their social responsibility. In this case, the policy makers of Stock Exchange can direct the managers of the listed companies to comply more with the social responsibility of the company, through teaching human values and strengthening those values, as well as monitoring the implementation of ethical regulations

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between ethical leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that ethical leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, ethical leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an ethical atmosphere in the organization

The study of partial criminal responsibility in Islamic jurisprudence shows that sexual maturity and mental maturity overlap and have not been predicted. In this way, the indistinguishable Immature is considered irresponsible and the discerning minor may face discipline (rather than punishment in exceptional cases) and in a sense the adult is considered full criminal liability.A review of the statutes in Iranian law shows the legislator's attention before the victory of the Islamic Revolution in counting the issue of partial criminal responsibility for juvenile delinquency. But after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, following the religion, according to the criterion of "sexual maturity", partial criminal responsibility disappeared and again after the approval of the Islamic Penal Code passed in 1392, in line with social realities, psychology, medicine, the criterion underwent changes and developments and "sexual maturity" was taken as a legal sign of "intellectual maturity" which made it possible to prove the opposite. The present research has been written based on the analytical-descriptive (library) method regarding the study of these changes and especially the analysis of Article 91 of the mentioned law in this regard.